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	<title>Papers &#8211; Osservatorio Misure Patrimoniali e di Prevenzione</title>
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	<title>Papers &#8211; Osservatorio Misure Patrimoniali e di Prevenzione</title>
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		<title>MISURE DI PREVENZIONE PATRIMONIALI: LA CEDU CHIEDE CHIARIMENTI ALL&#8217;ITALIA</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/misure-di-prevenzione-patrimoniali-la-cedu-chiede-chiarimenti-allitalia/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Jan 2024 13:56:51 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Diritto Penale Europeo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=4541</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Il provvedimento interlocutorio emesso dalla Corte EDU il 10 luglio 2023 nell’ambito del ricorso proposto dai fratelli Cavallotti, curato dall&#8217;Avv. Baldassare Lauria, pone in evidenza la rilevanza delle questioni di [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><a href="https://www.penaledp.it/misure-di-prevenzione-la-cedu-chiede-chiarimenti-allitalia/?print-posts=pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a><a href="https://www.penaledp.it/misure-di-prevenzione-la-cedu-chiede-chiarimenti-allitalia/#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a></p>



<p>Il provvedimento interlocutorio emesso dalla Corte EDU il 10 luglio 2023 nell’ambito del ricorso proposto dai fratelli Cavallotti, curato dall&#8217;Avv. Baldassare Lauria, pone in evidenza la rilevanza delle questioni di legittimità costituzionale e convenzionale sottese all’attuale configurazione della confisca di prevenzione “antimafia”, nel frattempo peraltro estesa dal legislatore anche al di fuori del suo tradizionale ambito applicativo.<br>La vicenda processuale che dovrà essere oggetto di successiva valutazione ha visto infatti, al contempo, l’assoluzione dei ricorrenti principali dall’accusa di partecipazione ad associazione mafiosa e la contestuale confisca di parte considerevole del loro patrimonio (e di quello dei loro familiari) sulla base dei una loro ritenuta pericolosità qualificata (derivante nel caso di specie proprio dal sospetto di appartenenza all’associazione stessa), oltre che della mancata prova dell’origine lecita dei beni in questione.<br>Dopo aver in tal modo descritto i tratti essenziali della vicenda, la Corte ha pertanto invitato le parti ad esprimersi compiutamente sulle possibili violazioni della Convenzione da essa emergenti.<br>Il primo profilo richiamato attiene pertanto all’eventuale violazione della presunzione di innocenza (articolo 6 § 2 della Convenzione), rispetto alla quale ci si chiede appunto se l’intervenuta confisca abbia avuto come suo effettivo presupposto la colpevolezza dei ricorrenti (ovverosia la loro ritenuta appartenenza all’associazione mafiosa).<br>Di seguito, nel richiamare le finalità sottese alla confisca prevista dall’art.24 d.lgs. n.159 del 2011 e della sua concreta declinazione nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Cassazione e della Corte Costituzionale, la Corte invita le parti a dedurre anche in merito all’effettiva qualificazione della stessa come sanzione penale (criminal “penalty” or “punishment”) in considerazione della giurisprudenza europea consolidatasi sul punto, adombrando in tal senso la possibile violazione dell’articolo 7 della Convenzione alla luce dell’avvenuta assoluzione dei Cavallotti dall’accusa di partecipazione ad associazione mafiosa e del conseguente ricorso ad un provvedimento di confisca pur in assenza di una loro effettiva responsabilità.<br>A latere dei tradizionali profili di criticità costituzionale e convenzionale della confisca di prevenzione, fra loro in qualche modo speculari, il provvedimento in esame si sofferma quindi con particolare attenzione sulla possibile violazione del diritto di proprietà, così come riconosciuto dall’articolo 1 del protocollo n.1 della Convenzione 1 Protocollo 1 della Convenzione in forza del quale “nessuno può essere privato della sua proprietà se non per causa di pubblica utilità e nelle condizioni previste dalla legge e dai principi generali del diritto internazionale”.<br>Tale profilo era stato del resto specificamente evocato anche nella nota sentenza n.24 del 2019, con la quale la Corte Costituzionale aveva avuto modo di escludere la riconducibilità di simili provvedimenti ablativi fra le sanzioni penali, prendendo al contempo atto anche dell’evidente scoloritura delle sue dichiarate finalità “preventive” ed aprendo piuttosto la strada ad una peculiare limitazione del diritto di proprietà da ancorare ad una concreta verifica della sua effettiva provenienza: “nell’ottica del sistema, l’ablazione di tali beni costituisce non già una sanzione, ma piuttosto la naturale conseguenza della loro illecita acquisizione, la quale determina (…) un vizio genetico nella costituzione dello stesso diritto di proprietà in capo a chi ne abbia acquisito la materiale disponibilità, risultando sin troppo ovvio che la funzione sociale della proprietà privata possa essere assolta solo all’indeclinabile condizione che il suo acquisto sia conforme alle regole dell’ordinamento giuridico. Non può, dunque, ritenersi compatibile con quella funzione l’acquisizione di beni contra legem, sicché nei confronti dell’ordinamento statuale non è mai opponibile un acquisto inficiato da illecite modalità.”<br>Ma anche in questa diversa prospettiva, la Corte EDU sottolinea con estrema chiarezza che una simile interferenza nel libero godimento dei beni sino a quel momento detenuti (“peaceful enjoyment of possessions”) deve comunque risultare necessaria e proporzionata (“necessary and proportionate”), ed invita conseguentemente le parti ad approfondire una serie di aspetti, quali in particolare:<br>a) la dubbia ragionevolezza di un giudizio di pericolosità qualificata a fronte della già avvenuta assoluzione dei ricorrenti da analoga imputazione;<br>b) la concorrente necessità di ricondurre la titolarità di tutti i beni confiscati proprio ai ricorrenti principali, piuttosto che ai loro effettivi intestatari, sulla base di una valutazione oggettiva delle risultanze probatorie e non in forza di un mero sospetto;<br>c) l’esigenza che la provenienza illecita di detti beni risulti a sua volta dimostrata sempre sulla base di una valutazione oggettiva delle risultanze probatorie e non in forza di un mero sospetto, tenendo in debito conto anche il momento in cui i ricorrenti li hanno acquisiti;<br>d) l’eccessivo onere probatorio posto eventualmente a carico dei ricorrenti in relazione alla richiesta di dimostrare la legittima provenienza di beni da loro acquisiti molti anni prima;<br>e) l’effettiva possibilità offerta ai medesimi in giudizio di esporre argomentazioni a loro difesa e la concreta disamina delle stesse.</p>



<p>Sebbene la natura interlocutoria, la CEDU  ripropone nuovamente all’attenzione della dottrina i dubbi inerenti all’effettiva sostenibilità logica dell’indirizzo interpretativo che ha ritenuto di espungere la confisca di prevenzione ex art.24 d.lgs. n.150/2011 dal novero delle sanzioni penali, pur in presenza di una serie di indici che sembrerebbero deporre chiaramente in senso contrario, quali l’enorme rilevanza del suo contenuto afflittivo, la frequente applicazione della stessa proprio in ragione del sospetto di commissione di un reato da parte del preposto, l’esclusiva competenza attribuita in materia al giudice penale e la fortissima stigmatizzazione sociale ad essa conseguente.</p>



<p>Ma anche nell’ipotesi in cui non si dovesse ancora giungere a ribaltare in una simile impostazione, la Corte appare comunque ben consapevole dell’insanabile paradosso insito in una duplicità di procedimenti afferenti ai medesimi fatti e destinata frequentemente a tradursi in una inafferrabile “assoluzione con confisca dei beni”, attraverso la quale lo stesso principio del ne bis in idem finisce a ben vedere per cedere il passo ad una sorta di mitigazione dell’intervento repressivo per mancato raggiungimento della prova.</p>



<p>Infine, pur mostrando di riconoscere l’astratta possibilità di ricorrere ad una peculiare contestazione extra-penale in merito alla legittima provenienza dei beni detenuti, il provvedimento in esame pone chiaramente in evidenza il rigore ed i limiti che dovrebbero necessariamente caratterizzare un simile accertamento, rimasti allo stato privi di qualsiasi adeguato riscontro nell’attuale disciplina normativa e come tali affidati ad un loro tardivo ed incerto riconoscimento “costituzionale” da parte della giurisprudenza di legittimità.</p>



<p>Il caso è stato ritenuto ‘<strong>caso pilota</strong>‘, ovvero relativo al sistema dello Stato membro, tale da essere potenzialmente applicabile a numerosi casi analoghi.&nbsp;</p>



<p></p>



<p><a href="https://www.penaledp.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CEDU-quesiti-MP.pdf">CEDU-quesiti-MP</a><a href="https://www.penaledp.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CEDU-quesiti-MP.pdf">Download</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>ANTI-MAFIA CONFISCATION AGAINST CORRUPTION: THE NEW FRONTIER OF HUMAN RIGHTS</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/anti-mafia-confiscation-against-corruption-the-new-frontier-of-human-rights/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:12:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Diritto Penale Europeo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=4472</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[di Miriam Allena Assistant Professor of Administrative Law, University of Milan&#160;“Bocconi”. The Italian lawmakers have recently extended the anti- Mafia non conviction based confiscation to the persons suspected of belonging [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#2207e3"><strong>di <em>Miriam Allena</em> Assistant Professor of Administrative Law, University of Milan&nbsp;“Bocconi”.</strong></p>



<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#2207e3"></p>



<p>The Italian lawmakers have recently extended the anti- Mafia non conviction based confiscation to the persons suspected of belonging to a criminal association aimed to corruption or to the commission of various crimes against public administration. This provision, although apparently in line with the tendency increasingly widespread on a supranational level to use instruments of a broadly preventive character to fight serious crimes, raises some issues, especially in terms of compliance with human rights protection. Indeed, although these measures focus on property and not on individuals, in many cases they significantly affect the life and well being of the people involved.</p>



<p>After analysing the European Court of Human Right (ECtHR) case law on administrative measures having criminal nature and on Anti-Mafia non conviction based confiscation, the article investigates the legitimacy of the extension of this specific form of non-conviction based confiscation to the crimes against public administration.</p>



<div class="wp-block-file"><a id="wp-block-file--media-afefa691-8427-4b70-b592-08b4b2795839" href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Allena-Anti-mafia-confiscation.pdf">Allena-Anti-mafia-confiscation</a><a href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Allena-Anti-mafia-confiscation.pdf" class="wp-block-file__button wp-element-button" download aria-describedby="wp-block-file--media-afefa691-8427-4b70-b592-08b4b2795839">Download</a></div>
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		<title>Convention du Conseil de l’Europe relative au blanchiment, au dépistage, à la saisie et à la confiscation des produits du crime et au financement du terrorisme (STCE no 198)</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/convention-du-conseil-de-leurope-relative-au-blanchiment-au-depistage-a-la-saisie-et-a-la-confiscation-des-produits-du-crime-et-au-financement-du-terrorisme-stce-no-198/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 2023 16:38:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=4203</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Convention du Conseil de l’Europe relative au blanchiment, au dépistage, à la saisie et à la confiscation des produits du crime et au financement du terrorisme (STCE no 198) Lors de [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#4807e3"><strong>Convention du Conseil de l’Europe relative au blanchiment, au dépistage, à la saisie et à la confiscation des produits du crime et au financement du terrorisme (STCE no 198)</strong></p>



<p></p>



<p>Lors de sa 9e réunion, tenue à Strasbourg les 21 et 22 novembre 2017, la Conférence des Parties (ci-après « CdP ») a décidé d’engager un suivi thématique transversal pour une durée initiale de deux ans. Elle a en outre décidé, à sa 11e réunion, de poursuivre ce suivi transversal pendant les cinq années suivantes (c’est-à-dire jusqu’en 2024). Ce nouveau mécanisme de suivi porte sur la manière dont les États parties ont mis en œuvre certaines dispositions de la Convention du Conseil de l’Europe relative au blanchiment, au dépistage, à la saisie et à la confiscation des produits du crime et au financement du terrorisme (STCE no 198, ci-après « Convention de Varsovie »). À cette fin, la CdP a ajouté à ses Règles de procédure la règle 19bis.</p>



<p>À sa 11e&nbsp;réunion plénière, la CdP a examiné et adopté son deuxième rapport de suivi thématique, qui portait sur l’article 9(3) et l’article 14 de la Convention de Varsovie. Elle a décidé que le troisième suivi thématique traiterait de l’article 3(4), de l’article 7(2c) et de l’article 19(1) de la Convention de Varsovie. La présente étude porte exclusivement sur l’article 3(4).</p>



<p>En novembre 2019, un questionnaire a été diffusé. Les États parties devaient y répondre avant le 14 février 2020. Les réponses ont ensuite été analysées par les rapporteures, Mme&nbsp;Ewa Szwarska-Zabuska (Pologne) et Mme&nbsp;Ana Boskovic (Monténégro), avec l’appui du secrétariat de la CdP. Les conclusions ont été présentées à la 12ème&nbsp;réunion plénière de la CdP (27-28 octobre 2020). Lors des discussions menées pendant la plénière, la question de&nbsp;l’interprétation&nbsp;du champ&nbsp;d’application&nbsp;des « infractions graves » a été soulevée concernant la portée de cet article de la Convention. Étant donné que plusieurs États parties avaient une vision différente de celle des rapporteurs sur la question du champ&nbsp;d’application&nbsp;du renversement de la charge de la preuve,&nbsp;l’adoption&nbsp;du raport a été reportée&nbsp;jusqu’à&nbsp;la résolution de ce différend. Par conséquent, le Bureau de la CdP a décidé de demander à&nbsp;l’expert&nbsp;scientifique la révision de la note interprétative de&nbsp;l’article&nbsp;3(4) pour en fournir une interprétation de la portée des « infractions graves ». La note revisée serait ensuite discutée et approuvée par la plénière. À la suite de cette décision, la note révisée a été préparée et distribuée à tous les États parties en avril 2021. Par la suite, le rapport a été amendé conformément à la note interprétative révisée et également mis à la disposition de tous les États parties en avril 2021. Les deux documents ont ensuite été examinés et adoptés lors de la réunion plénière extraordinaire de la CdP tenue le 12 mai 2021. Les principales conclusions tirées de ces réponses sont énoncées dans la section sommaire du rapport.</p>



<p>Le présent rapport vise à déterminer dans quelle mesure les États parties ont adopté des mesures, notamment législatives, pour prévoir la possibilité de renverser la charge de la preuve en ce qui concerne l’origine licite des produits présumés ou d’autres biens pouvant être confisqués dans le cas d’une ou plusieurs infractions graves. Il appartient aux Parties de définir dans leur droit interne la notion d’infraction grave aux fins de l’application de cette disposition.</p>



<p>Le rapport commence par préciser le champ d’application de l’article 3(4) de la Convention de Varsovie et la méthodologie employée pour l’étude. Il présente ensuite des conclusions sur les dispositions législatives et leur mise en œuvre effective et propose des recommandations. Les réponses des États parties sont analysées individuellement et des recommandations sont formulées pour chacun d’entre eux. Les réponses des États sont annexées au présent rapport (annexe I).</p>



<div data-wp-interactive="core/file" class="wp-block-file"><object data-wp-bind--hidden="!state.hasPdfPreview" hidden class="wp-block-file__embed" data="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/C198-COP20212rev-ET_Art34_fr.pdf" type="application/pdf" style="width:100%;height:600px" aria-label="Incorporamento di C198-COP20212rev-ET_Art34_fr."></object><a id="wp-block-file--media-ed76926c-e8ca-4dde-85c5-38eaf9eee7ba" href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/C198-COP20212rev-ET_Art34_fr.pdf">C198-COP20212rev-ET_Art34_fr</a><a href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/C198-COP20212rev-ET_Art34_fr.pdf" class="wp-block-file__button wp-element-button" download aria-describedby="wp-block-file--media-ed76926c-e8ca-4dde-85c5-38eaf9eee7ba">Download</a></div>



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		<title>Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/guide-on-article-6-of-the-european-convention-on-human-rights/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Jul 2021 10:17:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3737</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This guide is part of the series of Case-Law Guides published by the European Court of Human Rights&#160;(hereafter “the Court”, “the European Court” or “the Strasbourg Court”) to inform legal [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>This guide is part of the series of Case-Law Guides published by the European Court of Human Rights&nbsp;(hereafter “the Court”, “the European Court” or “the Strasbourg Court”) to inform legal practitioners&nbsp;about the fundamental judgments and decisions delivered by the Strasbourg Court. This particular guide analyses and sums up the case-law on the criminal limb of Article 6 of the European&nbsp;Convention on Human Rights (hereafter “the Convention” or “the European Convention”). Readers&nbsp;will find herein the key principles in this area and the relevant precedents.</p>



<p>The case-law cited has been selected among the leading, major, and/or recent judgments and decisions.*</p>



<p>The Court’s judgments and decisions serve not only to decide those cases brought before it but, more generally, to elucidate, safeguard and develop the rules instituted by the Convention, thereby contributing to the observance by the States of the engagements undertaken by them as Contracting Parties (<em>Ireland v. the United Kingdom</em>, § 154, and, more recently,&nbsp;<em>Jeronovičs&nbsp;</em><em>v. Latvia&nbsp;</em>[GC], § 109).</p>



<p>The mission of the system set up by the Convention is thus to determine, in the general interest, issues of public policy, thereby raising the standards of protection of human rights and extending human rights jurisprudence throughout the community of the Convention States (<em>Konstantin Markin v. Russia </em>[GC], 30078/06, § 89, ECHR 2012). Indeed, the Court has emphasised the Convention’s role as a “constitutional instrument of European public order” in the field of human rights (<em>Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland </em>[GC], § 156).</p>



<div class="wp-block-file"><a href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/guide_art_6_criminal_eng.pdf">guide_art_6_criminal_eng</a><a href="https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/guide_art_6_criminal_eng.pdf" class="wp-block-file__button" download>Download</a></div>
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		<title>ECCD publishes a paper on the use of non-conviction based seizure and confiscation</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/the-use-of-non-conviction-based-seizure-and-confiscation/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Jul 2021 20:05:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3730</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Over the past thirty years, confiscation has been used as a tool to combat transnational crime, stripping away the rewards from those who engage in such nefarious activities. Fundamentally, the [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p><strong>O</strong>ver the past thirty years, confiscation has been used as a tool to combat transnational crime, stripping away the rewards from those who engage in such nefarious activities. Fundamentally, the approach is directed at reducing criminal capital that could fuel further criminal activity, removing the incentive to commit further crime and ensuring that “crime doesn’t pay”. &nbsp;Nonetheless, serious crime continues to generate significant benefits for those involved – as at 2016, illicit markets in Europe were believed to generate around 110 billion euros annually.</p>



<p>Traditionally, the focus has been on “post-conviction confiscation” – recovering the proceeds of crime, via court order, after the crime itself has been proved in a criminal court to the criminal standard. The origins of such an approach may be traced to the 1988 Vienna Convention which provided for confiscation of the proceeds of crime in the context of drug-related offending only. Some 17 years earlier, in 1971, US President Richard Nixon had declared a “war on drugs”; the US was the fastest-grow- ing market for controlled substances at that time, and an increase in demand for cannabis, cocaine and heroin for recreational use led to large-scale international drug trafficking throughout the 1970s and 1980. &nbsp;Following international concern at the growth of the international drug trade, the Vienna Convention highlighted the “links between illicit traffic and other related organized criminal activities which undermine the legitimate economies” and so determined “<em>to deprive persons engaged in illicit traffic of the proceeds of their criminal activities and thereby eliminate their main incentive for so doing</em>” as well as to “<em>eliminate the root causes of the problem &#8230; including&#8230;.the enormous profits derived from illicit traffic</em>.” &nbsp;Notably, in a relaxation of procedural safeguards judged to be proportionate to the scale of the problem, states were encouraged to “consider ensuring the onus of proof be reversed regarding the lawful origin of alleged proceeds”. </p>



<p>Over time, confiscation steadily broadened beyond drug offences. In 1990, the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime went on to define confiscation as a penalty or measure ordered “following proceedings in relation to a criminal offence or criminal offences resulting in the final deprivation of property.” </p>



<p>Advancing to 2000, the Palermo Convention8&nbsp;required States to adopt confiscation measures, and specifically targeted the offense of participation in an organized criminal group, laundering the proceeds of crime, corruption, obstruction of justice and “other serious crime”. The Palermo Convention, like the 1988 Vienna Convention, mooted shifting the burden of proof, stating that States might “consider the possibility of requiring that an offender demonstrate the lawful origin of alleged proceeds of crime or other property liable to confiscation.” &nbsp;The prospect of a reversed burden was further referenced in the 2003 United Nations Convention Against Corruption10&nbsp;(2003 UNCAC) and the 2005 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism.</p>



<p>The 2003 UNCAC also specifically raised the concept of “taking such measures as may be necessary to allow confiscation of&#8230;property without a criminal conviction in cases in which the offender cannot be prosecuted by reason of death, flight or absence or in other appropriate cases” , expressly raising non-conviction based confiscation (NCBC) or asset recovery on the international stage. The concept of NCB recovery had already begun to gather momentum at a national level: for example, Antigua and Barbuda introduced their Money Laundering (Prevention) Act in 1996, in 2000 the United States Congress enacted the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act, and in 2002 Australia, Colombia and the United Kingdom all introduced NCBC legislation.</p>



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		<title>Disposal of confiscation assets in the EU member states</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/disposal-of-confiscation-assets-in-the-eu-member-states/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Dec 2020 18:07:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Papers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3541</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This report was prepared in the context of the Study RECAST –&#160;REuse of Confiscated Assets for social purposes: towards Common EU standards. The Study was awarded to the University of [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>This report was prepared in the context of the Study RECAST –&nbsp;<em>REuse of Confiscated Assets for social purposes: towards Common EU standards</em>. The Study was awarded to the University of Palermo – Department of European Studies and International Integration (Coordinator: Giovanni Fiandaca, Professor of criminal law) by the European Commission, DG Home Affairs, under the 2010 ISEC Programme. It was carried out in cooperation with the Center for the Study of Democracy and the FLARE Network (co-beneficiaries) and with the support of the Italian Agenzia Nazionale per L’amministrazione e la Destinazione dei beni Sequestrati e Confiscati alla Criminalità&nbsp;organizzata and UNICRI (associate partners).</p>



<p>This report analyses laws and practices for the management and disposal of confiscated assets in the European Union. The analysis explores the challenges and best practices of the Member States in this hitherto neglected area and strives to contribute to improvement of the overall effectiveness of the existing confiscation systems. This mapping has been carried out by the University of Palermo – Department of European Studies and International Integration (UNIPA) and by the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD). The main tool used to gather relevant information was a questionnaire administered to one (or more) national expert/s in each Member State; this information was complemented with secondary data.</p>



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		<title>How Far Is Too Far? Theorising Non-Conviction-Based Asset Forfeiture</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/how-far-is-too-far-theorising-non-conviction-based-asset-forfeiture/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2020 11:51:14 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3503</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[by Jennifer Hendry and Colin King Non-conviction-based (NCB) asset forfeiture is a relatively recent addition to law enforcement&#8217;s armoury in the fight against organised crime in the UK. It allows [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color">by</span> <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color">Jennifer Hendry and Colin King</span></p>



<p>Non-conviction-based (NCB) asset forfeiture is a relatively recent addition to law enforcement&#8217;s armoury in the fight against organised crime in the UK. It allows for criminal assets to be forfeited to the State even in the absence of criminal conviction, the stated objective being to undermine the profit incentive of criminal activity. Until now, NCB asset forfeiture has principally been critiqued from a criminological point of view, specifically concerning the Packer models and the civil / criminal dichotomy – aside from this, however, it remains rather underdeveloped theoretically. This paper addresses this lack of legal theoretical engagement with NCB asset forfeiture by providing an initial contribution from systems-theoretical perspective. This contribution makes use of systems theory’s unique insights to critique the perceived ‘failure of law’ that gave rise to the NCB approach, and challenges the legitimacy of that approach in terms of procedural rights.</p>



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		<title>Asset Freezing at the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights: Lessons for the International Criminal Court, the United Nations Security Council and States</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/asset-freezing-at-the-european-and-inter-american-courts-of-human-rights-lessons-for-the-international-criminal-court-the-united-nations-security-council-and-states/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2020 19:44:38 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3494</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Daley J BirkettAuthor NotesHuman Rights Law Review, This article examines the human rights implications of the asset freezing processes available to the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p></p>



<p><a>Daley J BirkettAuthor Notes</a><em>Human Rights Law Review</em>,  </p>



<p>This article examines the human rights implications of the asset freezing processes available to the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security Council. It does so through the lens of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, from whose jurisprudence, although not uniform, a number of principles can be distilled. By scrutinising a series of cases decided under the European Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights, respectively, the article demonstrates that the rights to the peaceful enjoyment of property and to respect for one’s private and family life, home and correspondence are necessarily implicated by the execution of asset freezing measures in criminal and administrative contexts. The article concludes that, considering the human rights constraints placed on the exercise of their powers, both the International Criminal Court and United Nations Security Council, as well as States acting at their request, must pay attention to this case law with a view to respecting the human rights of those to whom asset freezing measures are applied.</p>



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		<title>La «confiscation anti-mafia» et le sort des biens confisqués en Italie</title>
		<link>https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/la-confiscation-anti-mafia-et-le-sort-des-biens-confisques-en-italie/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baldassare Lauria]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2020 19:56:41 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.osservatoriomisurediprevenzione.it/?p=3488</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[par Francesco MENDITTO, procureur de la République près le Tribunal de Lanciano, ex Président d’un collège de la Section mesures de prévention du Tribunal de Naples, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p><strong>par Francesco MENDITTO, procureur de la République près le Tribunal de Lanciano, ex Président d’un collège de la Section mesures de prévention du Tribunal de Naples, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages : « Codice antimafia » (ed. Giuridiche Simone), « Le misure di prevenzione personali e patrimoniali » (ed. Giuffré).</strong></p>



<p><strong>Texte traduit de l’italien par Madame Averso GIULIANE</strong></p>



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